"""Imported from the recipes section of the itertools documentation.

All functions taken from the recipes section of the itertools library docs
[1]_.
Some backward-compatible usability improvements have been made.

.. [1] http://docs.python.org/library/itertools.html#recipes

"""
from collections import deque
from itertools import (
    chain, combinations, count, cycle, groupby, islice, repeat, starmap, tee
)
import operator
from random import randrange, sample, choice

from six import PY2
from six.moves import filter, filterfalse, map, range, zip, zip_longest

__all__ = [
    'accumulate',
    'all_equal',
    'consume',
    'dotproduct',
    'first_true',
    'flatten',
    'grouper',
    'iter_except',
    'ncycles',
    'nth',
    'nth_combination',
    'padnone',
    'pairwise',
    'partition',
    'powerset',
    'prepend',
    'quantify',
    'random_combination_with_replacement',
    'random_combination',
    'random_permutation',
    'random_product',
    'repeatfunc',
    'roundrobin',
    'tabulate',
    'tail',
    'take',
    'unique_everseen',
    'unique_justseen',
]


def accumulate(iterable, func=operator.add):
    """
    Return an iterator whose items are the accumulated results of a function
    (specified by the optional *func* argument) that takes two arguments.
    By default, returns accumulated sums with :func:`operator.add`.

        >>> list(accumulate([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]))  # Running sum
        [1, 3, 6, 10, 15]
        >>> list(accumulate([1, 2, 3], func=operator.mul))  # Running product
        [1, 2, 6]
        >>> list(accumulate([0, 1, -1, 2, 3, 2], func=max))  # Running maximum
        [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3]

    This function is available in the ``itertools`` module for Python 3.2 and
    greater.

    """
    it = iter(iterable)
    try:
        total = next(it)
    except StopIteration:
        return
    else:
        yield total

    for element in it:
        total = func(total, element)
        yield total


def take(n, iterable):
    """Return first *n* items of the iterable as a list.

        >>> take(3, range(10))
        [0, 1, 2]
        >>> take(5, range(3))
        [0, 1, 2]

    Effectively a short replacement for ``next`` based iterator consumption
    when you want more than one item, but less than the whole iterator.

    """
    return list(islice(iterable, n))


def tabulate(function, start=0):
    """Return an iterator over the results of ``func(start)``,
    ``func(start + 1)``, ``func(start + 2)``...

    *func* should be a function that accepts one integer argument.

    If *start* is not specified it defaults to 0. It will be incremented each
    time the iterator is advanced.

        >>> square = lambda x: x ** 2
        >>> iterator = tabulate(square, -3)
        >>> take(4, iterator)
        [9, 4, 1, 0]

    """
    return map(function, count(start))


def tail(n, iterable):
    """Return an iterator over the last *n* items of *iterable*.

        >>> t = tail(3, 'ABCDEFG')
        >>> list(t)
        ['E', 'F', 'G']

    """
    return iter(deque(iterable, maxlen=n))


def consume(iterator, n=None):
    """Advance *iterable* by *n* steps. If *n* is ``None``, consume it
    entirely.

    Efficiently exhausts an iterator without returning values. Defaults to
    consuming the whole iterator, but an optional second argument may be
    provided to limit consumption.

        >>> i = (x for x in range(10))
        >>> next(i)
        0
        >>> consume(i, 3)
        >>> next(i)
        4
        >>> consume(i)
        >>> next(i)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
          File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        StopIteration

    If the iterator has fewer items remaining than the provided limit, the
    whole iterator will be consumed.

        >>> i = (x for x in range(3))
        >>> consume(i, 5)
        >>> next(i)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
          File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        StopIteration

    """
    # Use functions that consume iterators at C speed.
    if n is None:
        # feed the entire iterator into a zero-length deque
        deque(iterator, maxlen=0)
    else:
        # advance to the empty slice starting at position n
        next(islice(iterator, n, n), None)


def nth(iterable, n, default=None):
    """Returns the nth item or a default value.

        >>> l = range(10)
        >>> nth(l, 3)
        3
        >>> nth(l, 20, "zebra")
        'zebra'

    """
    return next(islice(iterable, n, None), default)


def all_equal(iterable):
    """
    Returns ``True`` if all the elements are equal to each other.

        >>> all_equal('aaaa')
        True
        >>> all_equal('aaab')
        False

    """
    g = groupby(iterable)
    return next(g, True) and not next(g, False)


def quantify(iterable, pred=bool):
    """Return the how many times the predicate is true.

        >>> quantify([True, False, True])
        2

    """
    return sum(map(pred, iterable))


def padnone(iterable):
    """Returns the sequence of elements and then returns ``None`` indefinitely.

        >>> take(5, padnone(range(3)))
        [0, 1, 2, None, None]

    Useful for emulating the behavior of the built-in :func:`map` function.

    See also :func:`padded`.

    """
    return chain(iterable, repeat(None))


def ncycles(iterable, n):
    """Returns the sequence elements *n* times

        >>> list(ncycles(["a", "b"], 3))
        ['a', 'b', 'a', 'b', 'a', 'b']

    """
    return chain.from_iterable(repeat(tuple(iterable), n))


def dotproduct(vec1, vec2):
    """Returns the dot product of the two iterables.

        >>> dotproduct([10, 10], [20, 20])
        400

    """
    return sum(map(operator.mul, vec1, vec2))


def flatten(listOfLists):
    """Return an iterator flattening one level of nesting in a list of lists.

        >>> list(flatten([[0, 1], [2, 3]]))
        [0, 1, 2, 3]

    See also :func:`collapse`, which can flatten multiple levels of nesting.

    """
    return chain.from_iterable(listOfLists)


def repeatfunc(func, times=None, *args):
    """Call *func* with *args* repeatedly, returning an iterable over the
    results.

    If *times* is specified, the iterable will terminate after that many
    repetitions:

        >>> from operator import add
        >>> times = 4
        >>> args = 3, 5
        >>> list(repeatfunc(add, times, *args))
        [8, 8, 8, 8]

    If *times* is ``None`` the iterable will not terminate:

        >>> from random import randrange
        >>> times = None
        >>> args = 1, 11
        >>> take(6, repeatfunc(randrange, times, *args))  # doctest:+SKIP
        [2, 4, 8, 1, 8, 4]

    """
    if times is None:
        return starmap(func, repeat(args))
    return starmap(func, repeat(args, times))


def pairwise(iterable):
    """Returns an iterator of paired items, overlapping, from the original

        >>> take(4, pairwise(count()))
        [(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)]

    """
    a, b = tee(iterable)
    next(b, None)
    return zip(a, b)


def grouper(n, iterable, fillvalue=None):
    """Collect data into fixed-length chunks or blocks.

        >>> list(grouper(3, 'ABCDEFG', 'x'))
        [('A', 'B', 'C'), ('D', 'E', 'F'), ('G', 'x', 'x')]

    """
    args = [iter(iterable)] * n
    return zip_longest(fillvalue=fillvalue, *args)


def roundrobin(*iterables):
    """Yields an item from each iterable, alternating between them.

        >>> list(roundrobin('ABC', 'D', 'EF'))
        ['A', 'D', 'E', 'B', 'F', 'C']

    This function produces the same output as :func:`interleave_longest`, but
    may perform better for some inputs (in particular when the number of
    iterables is small).

    """
    # Recipe credited to George Sakkis
    pending = len(iterables)
    if PY2:
        nexts = cycle(iter(it).next for it in iterables)
    else:
        nexts = cycle(iter(it).__next__ for it in iterables)
    while pending:
        try:
            for next in nexts:
                yield next()
        except StopIteration:
            pending -= 1
            nexts = cycle(islice(nexts, pending))


def partition(pred, iterable):
    """
    Returns a 2-tuple of iterables derived from the input iterable.
    The first yields the items that have ``pred(item) == False``.
    The second yields the items that have ``pred(item) == True``.

        >>> is_odd = lambda x: x % 2 != 0
        >>> iterable = range(10)
        >>> even_items, odd_items = partition(is_odd, iterable)
        >>> list(even_items), list(odd_items)
        ([0, 2, 4, 6, 8], [1, 3, 5, 7, 9])

    """
    # partition(is_odd, range(10)) --> 0 2 4 6 8   and  1 3 5 7 9
    t1, t2 = tee(iterable)
    return filterfalse(pred, t1), filter(pred, t2)


def powerset(iterable):
    """Yields all possible subsets of the iterable.

        >>> list(powerset([1,2,3]))
        [(), (1,), (2,), (3,), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3), (1, 2, 3)]

    """
    s = list(iterable)
    return chain.from_iterable(combinations(s, r) for r in range(len(s) + 1))


def unique_everseen(iterable, key=None):
    """
    Yield unique elements, preserving order.

        >>> list(unique_everseen('AAAABBBCCDAABBB'))
        ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
        >>> list(unique_everseen('ABBCcAD', str.lower))
        ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']

    Sequences with a mix of hashable and unhashable items can be used.
    The function will be slower (i.e., `O(n^2)`) for unhashable items.

    """
    seenset = set()
    seenset_add = seenset.add
    seenlist = []
    seenlist_add = seenlist.append
    if key is None:
        for element in iterable:
            try:
                if element not in seenset:
                    seenset_add(element)
                    yield element
            except TypeError:
                if element not in seenlist:
                    seenlist_add(element)
                    yield element
    else:
        for element in iterable:
            k = key(element)
            try:
                if k not in seenset:
                    seenset_add(k)
                    yield element
            except TypeError:
                if k not in seenlist:
                    seenlist_add(k)
                    yield element


def unique_justseen(iterable, key=None):
    """Yields elements in order, ignoring serial duplicates

        >>> list(unique_justseen('AAAABBBCCDAABBB'))
        ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'A', 'B']
        >>> list(unique_justseen('ABBCcAD', str.lower))
        ['A', 'B', 'C', 'A', 'D']

    """
    return map(next, map(operator.itemgetter(1), groupby(iterable, key)))


def iter_except(func, exception, first=None):
    """Yields results from a function repeatedly until an exception is raised.

    Converts a call-until-exception interface to an iterator interface.
    Like ``iter(func, sentinel)``, but uses an exception instead of a sentinel
    to end the loop.

        >>> l = [0, 1, 2]
        >>> list(iter_except(l.pop, IndexError))
        [2, 1, 0]

    """
    try:
        if first is not None:
            yield first()
        while 1:
            yield func()
    except exception:
        pass


def first_true(iterable, default=False, pred=None):
    """
    Returns the first true value in the iterable.

    If no true value is found, returns *default*

    If *pred* is not None, returns the first item for which
    ``pred(item) == True`` .

        >>> first_true(range(10))
        1
        >>> first_true(range(10), pred=lambda x: x > 5)
        6
        >>> first_true(range(10), default='missing', pred=lambda x: x > 9)
        'missing'

    """
    return next(filter(pred, iterable), default)


def random_product(*args, **kwds):
    """Draw an item at random from each of the input iterables.

        >>> random_product('abc', range(4), 'XYZ')  # doctest:+SKIP
        ('c', 3, 'Z')

    If *repeat* is provided as a keyword argument, that many items will be
    drawn from each iterable.

        >>> random_product('abcd', range(4), repeat=2)  # doctest:+SKIP
        ('a', 2, 'd', 3)

    This equivalent to taking a random selection from
    ``itertools.product(*args, **kwarg)``.

    """
    pools = [tuple(pool) for pool in args] * kwds.get('repeat', 1)
    return tuple(choice(pool) for pool in pools)


def random_permutation(iterable, r=None):
    """Return a random *r* length permutation of the elements in *iterable*.

    If *r* is not specified or is ``None``, then *r* defaults to the length of
    *iterable*.

        >>> random_permutation(range(5))  # doctest:+SKIP
        (3, 4, 0, 1, 2)

    This equivalent to taking a random selection from
    ``itertools.permutations(iterable, r)``.

    """
    pool = tuple(iterable)
    r = len(pool) if r is None else r
    return tuple(sample(pool, r))


def random_combination(iterable, r):
    """Return a random *r* length subsequence of the elements in *iterable*.

        >>> random_combination(range(5), 3)  # doctest:+SKIP
        (2, 3, 4)

    This equivalent to taking a random selection from
    ``itertools.combinations(iterable, r)``.

    """
    pool = tuple(iterable)
    n = len(pool)
    indices = sorted(sample(range(n), r))
    return tuple(pool[i] for i in indices)


def random_combination_with_replacement(iterable, r):
    """Return a random *r* length subsequence of elements in *iterable*,
    allowing individual elements to be repeated.

        >>> random_combination_with_replacement(range(3), 5) # doctest:+SKIP
        (0, 0, 1, 2, 2)

    This equivalent to taking a random selection from
    ``itertools.combinations_with_replacement(iterable, r)``.

    """
    pool = tuple(iterable)
    n = len(pool)
    indices = sorted(randrange(n) for i in range(r))
    return tuple(pool[i] for i in indices)


def nth_combination(iterable, r, index):
    """Equivalent to ``list(combinations(iterable, r))[index]``.

    The subsequences of *iterable* that are of length *r* can be ordered
    lexicographically. :func:`nth_combination` computes the subsequence at
    sort position *index* directly, without computing the previous
    subsequences.

    """
    pool = tuple(iterable)
    n = len(pool)
    if (r < 0) or (r > n):
        raise ValueError

    c = 1
    k = min(r, n - r)
    for i in range(1, k + 1):
        c = c * (n - k + i) // i

    if index < 0:
        index += c

    if (index < 0) or (index >= c):
        raise IndexError

    result = []
    while r:
        c, n, r = c * r // n, n - 1, r - 1
        while index >= c:
            index -= c
            c, n = c * (n - r) // n, n - 1
        result.append(pool[-1 - n])

    return tuple(result)


def prepend(value, iterator):
    """Yield *value*, followed by the elements in *iterator*.

        >>> value = '0'
        >>> iterator = ['1', '2', '3']
        >>> list(prepend(value, iterator))
        ['0', '1', '2', '3']

    To prepend multiple values, see :func:`itertools.chain`.

    """
    return chain([value], iterator)